Allergy & Immunology

Overview

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult. It triggers episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. Severity varies — some individuals experience mild, occasional symptoms, while others face persistent or life-threatening flare-ups. Although there is no cure, targeted biologic therapies can significantly reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.

Symptoms

• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing or whistling sounds while breathing
• Chest tightness or discomfort
• Persistent coughing, especially at night or early morning
• Excess mucus production
• In severe cases: difficulty speaking, bluish lips or nails, or symptoms unresponsive to standard medications

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical advice if you experience ongoing shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing that doesn't improve with treatment, overuse of rescue inhalers, or nighttime symptoms that interrupt sleep. Seek emergency care for severe breathlessness, inability to speak, bluish lips, or no relief from a rescue inhaler.

Causes

Asthma arises from a mix of environmental and genetic factors. Common triggers include allergens, air pollutants, respiratory infections, exercise, cold air, and emotional stress. Occupational exposures to chemicals or dust may also contribute.

Risk Factors

• Family history of asthma, eczema, or allergies
• Allergic rhinitis or food allergies
• Exposure to secondhand smoke or environmental pollutants
• Respiratory infections in early childhood
• Obesity
• Occupational exposures in agriculture, construction, or manufacturing

Complications

• Frequent asthma attacks
• Chronic breathing difficulties
• Reduced lung function over time
• Heightened risk of respiratory infections
• Sleep disturbances or sleep apnea

Treatment Considerations

Biologic therapies target specific immune responses driving airway inflammation and are used in severe or refractory asthma. Risks include increased infection susceptibility and rare side effects from long-term steroid use including osteoporosis and hypertension. Infusion therapy enables clinically monitored administration for optimal respiratory outcomes.