Cardiology

Overview

High cholesterol is a chronic condition characterized by excess lipids in the blood that can accumulate in the arteries as plaque, restricting blood flow and dramatically increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Often called a "silent" condition, high cholesterol produces no symptoms until serious cardiovascular events occur. For patients where lifestyle changes and oral medications are insufficient, advanced infusion-based therapies offer a powerful additional option.

Symptoms

High cholesterol typically has no noticeable symptoms and is most often discovered through routine blood testing. In advanced cases, complications may present as:

• Chest pain (angina)
• Heart attack or stroke
• Xanthomas — fatty deposits under the skin or around the eyes
• Peripheral artery disease causing leg pain, numbness, or skin ulcers

When to See a Doctor

Consult a healthcare provider if you've never had a cholesterol test (especially if over 20 or with risk factors), have a family history of heart disease, show symptoms of cardiovascular disease, or notice unusual skin changes like xanthomas.

Causes

• Diet high in saturated and trans fats
• Physical inactivity and obesity
• Smoking — lowers HDL and damages arterial walls
• Genetic predisposition such as familial hypercholesterolemia
• Medical conditions: diabetes, hypothyroidism, liver or kidney disease
• Age — cholesterol levels tend to rise over time

Risk Factors

• High-fat diet and sedentary lifestyle
• Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)
• Smoking and excessive alcohol use
• Family history of high cholesterol or heart disease
• Underlying conditions: diabetes and thyroid disorders

Complications

• Atherosclerosis — hardening and narrowing of arteries
• Heart disease and heart attack
• Stroke due to reduced blood flow to the brain
• Peripheral artery disease
• Hypertension and kidney damage
• Gallstones from altered fat metabolism

Treatment Considerations

For patients where statins and lifestyle changes are insufficient, PCSK9 inhibitors delivered via infusion provide powerful LDL reduction. These therapies can significantly lower cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular events, with clinical monitoring ensuring optimal safety and dosing.