Hematology

Overview

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, occurring when the body lacks sufficient iron to produce adequate hemoglobin — the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues and organs. When hemoglobin levels are low, the body cannot function optimally, causing fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Intravenous (IV) iron infusion therapy is an effective treatment for patients who cannot tolerate or adequately absorb oral iron supplements.

Symptoms

• Fatigue or unusual weakness
• Pale skin, especially the face or inner eyelids
• Shortness of breath during physical activity
• Cold hands and feet
• Headaches or dizziness
• Chest pain or rapid heartbeat
• Brittle nails or hair loss
• Cravings for non-food items (pica) such as ice or dirt

When to See a Doctor

Consult a healthcare provider for persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin, frequent headaches, or non-food cravings. Seek immediate care for chest pain, rapid heartbeat, severe shortness of breath, or signs of internal bleeding.

Causes

• Inadequate dietary iron intake
• Blood loss from heavy menstrual periods, GI bleeding, or injury
• Poor iron absorption due to celiac disease, gastric bypass, or certain medications
• Increased iron demands during pregnancy, growth spurts, or intense exercise

Risk Factors

• Female sex — particularly due to menstruation or pregnancy
• Infancy and childhood (rapid growth demands)
• Vegetarian or vegan diet without careful planning
• Chronic conditions such as IBD, ulcers, or cancer
• Older age with poor diet or chronic illness

Complications

• Heart problems including rapid heartbeat or heart failure
• Pregnancy complications such as low birth weight or preterm delivery
• Developmental delays in children
• Weakened immune system
• Reduced cognitive performance and energy levels

Treatment Considerations

IV iron infusion therapy bypasses the gastrointestinal tract for direct iron delivery into the bloodstream — particularly effective for patients with absorption issues or severe deficiency. Oral supplements may cause GI discomfort; IV therapy can avoid this while delivering results under clinical monitoring.