Infectious Disease

Overview

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) weakens the immune system by targeting and destroying CD4 cells (T cells), which are critical for fighting infections. Without treatment, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). However, with early detection and modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) — including long-acting injectable options delivered via infusion — most individuals with HIV can live long, healthy lives. HIV is now considered a manageable chronic condition with proper medical care.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary by stage of infection:

• Early (Acute) Stage: Fever, fatigue, sore throat, rash, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, and night sweats
• Chronic (Latent) Stage: Often asymptomatic, but viral damage to the immune system continues
• Advanced Stage (AIDS): Rapid weight loss, frequent infections, persistent fever, chronic diarrhea, oral or genital sores, memory or neurological issues

When to See a Doctor

Consult a provider if you've had unprotected sex or shared needles, experience flu-like symptoms after potential exposure, or are in a high-risk group. Seek immediate care for severe unexplained weight loss, persistent high fever, difficulty breathing, or neurological changes.

Causes and Transmission

HIV spreads through specific body fluids: unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, and (rarely) blood transfusion or organ transplant. HIV is not spread through casual contact, air, water, saliva, or insect bites.

Risk Factors

• Unprotected sex, especially with multiple partners
• Sharing needles or injection equipment
• Having another STI
• Being born to a mother with untreated HIV
• Occupational exposure to infected blood

Complications

• Opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia
• Certain cancers including Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma
• Neurological conditions such as dementia and neuropathy
• Wasting syndrome
• Progression to AIDS

Treatment Considerations

Long-acting injectable ART, administered on monthly or bi-monthly schedules, has transformed HIV treatment by dramatically improving adherence compared to daily oral regimens. Side effects may include nausea, fatigue, or liver and kidney effects. Consistent treatment is essential to suppress viral load, protect immune function, and prevent transmission.