Rheumatology

Overview

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, stiffness, and swelling. In RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovial lining of the joints, leading to progressive joint damage and deformity. RA most commonly affects the hands, wrists, knees, and feet, but can also impact the lungs, heart, and eyes. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and treatment can significantly manage symptoms and slow disease progression.

Symptoms

• Joint pain and tenderness, typically affecting both sides of the body
• Morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes
• Swelling, warmth, and redness in affected joints
• Persistent fatigue affecting daily activities
• Mild fever during flare-ups
• Reduced range of motion
• Rheumatoid nodules — firm lumps under the skin near pressure points

When to See a Doctor

Consult a doctor if you experience persistent joint pain or swelling affecting multiple joints on both sides of the body, morning stiffness lasting over 30 minutes, or unexplained fatigue and fever. Seek immediate attention for sudden severe joint pain, signs of infection, or difficulty breathing.

Causes

The exact cause of RA is unknown, but it results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune factors. The immune system mistakenly attacks the joint synovium, causing chronic inflammation. Family history of RA, smoking, and environmental exposures may trigger or worsen the condition.

Risk Factors

• Age 40–60 (though it can occur at any age)
• Female sex — women account for about 70% of RA cases
• Family history of RA or autoimmune disease
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause

Complications

• Osteoporosis and increased fracture risk
• Cardiovascular disease
• Lung disease
• Dry eyes and mouth
• Increased susceptibility to infections
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Lymphoma

Treatment Considerations

Biologic agents target specific immune molecules to reduce inflammation and protect joint integrity. These therapies are effective but may increase the risk of infections. Infusion therapy delivers advanced biologics under clinical supervision for optimal safety and efficacy.